1. Kumumanaʻo o ka hana laser
Ua like ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma me kahi ʻōnaehana lā liʻiliʻi, me ka nucleus atomika ma waenakonu. Ke wili mau nei nā electrons a puni ka nucleus atomika, a ke wili mau nei hoʻi ka nucleus atomika.
Ua haku ʻia ka nucleus me nā protons a me nā neutrons. Hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā protons a ʻaʻohe hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā neutrons. ʻO ka helu o nā hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi i lawe ʻia e ka nucleus holoʻokoʻa ua like ia me ka helu o nā hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole i lawe ʻia e nā electrons holoʻokoʻa, no laila ma ke ʻano laulā, kū ʻole nā ʻātoma i ka honua waho.
No ke kaumaha o kahi ʻātoma, hoʻopaʻa ka nucleus i ka hapa nui o ke kaumaha o ka ʻātoma, a he liʻiliʻi loa ka nui i noho ʻia e nā electrons āpau. I loko o ke ʻano ʻātoma, noho wale ka nucleus i kahi hakahaka liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopuni nā electrons a puni ka nucleus, a he nui loa ka hakahaka o nā electrons no ka hana.
Loaʻa i nā ʻātoma ka "ikehu kūloko", nona nā ʻāpana ʻelua: ʻo kekahi, he wikiwiki ka holo ʻana o nā electrons a me kekahi ikehu kinetic; ʻo kekahi, aia kahi mamao ma waena o nā electrons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a me ka nucleus i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, a aia kahi nui o ka ikehu hiki. ʻO ka huina o ka ikehu kinetic a me ka ikehu hiki o nā electrons āpau ka ikehu o ka ʻātoma holoʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ikehu kūloko o ka ʻātoma.
Hoʻopuni nā electrons a pau i ka nucleus; i kekahi manawa kokoke i ka nucleus, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu o kēia mau electrons; i kekahi manawa mamao aku mai ka nucleus, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu o kēia mau electrons; e like me ka hiki ke loaʻa, hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe i ka papa electron i nā "pae ikehu" like ʻole; Ma kekahi "pae ikehu", aia paha he nui nā electrons e kaʻapuni pinepine ana, a ʻaʻohe o kēlā me kēia electron i kahi orbit paʻa, akā like ka pae ikehu o kēia mau electrons; Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā "pae ikehu" mai kekahi i kekahi. ʻAe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e like me nā pae ikehu. ʻAʻole wale ka manaʻo o ka "pae ikehu" e hoʻokaʻawale i nā electrons i nā pae e like me ka ikehu, akā hoʻokaʻawale pū i ka wahi orbit o nā electrons i nā pae he nui. I ka pōkole, hiki i kahi ʻātoma ke loaʻa nā pae ikehu he nui, a pili nā pae ikehu like ʻole i nā ikehu like ʻole; kaʻapuni kekahi mau electrons ma kahi "pae ikehu haʻahaʻa" a kaʻapuni kekahi mau electrons ma kahi "pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe".
I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻailona maopopo nā puke physics kula waena i nā ʻano kūkulu o kekahi mau ʻātoma, nā lula o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā electrons i kēlā me kēia papa electrons, a me ka helu o nā electrons ma nā pae ikehu like ʻole.
I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana atomika, neʻe nui nā electrons i nā papa, me kekahi mau ʻātoma ma nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe a ʻo kekahi ma nā pae ikehu haʻahaʻa; no ka mea, ua hoʻopilikia mau ʻia nā ʻātoma e ke kaiapuni o waho (mahana, uila, magnetism), ʻaʻole paʻa nā electrons pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe a e neʻe koke i kahi pae ikehu haʻahaʻa, hiki ke omo ʻia kona hopena, a i ʻole hiki ke hana i nā hopena hoʻonāukiuki kūikawā a hana i ka "hoʻokuʻu koke". No laila, i loko o ka ʻōnaehana atomika, i ka wā e neʻe ai nā electrons pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe i nā pae ikehu haʻahaʻa, e loaʻa nā ʻano ʻelua: "hoʻokuʻu koke" a me "hoʻokuʻu hoʻoulu".
ʻO ka radiation kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole paʻa nā electrons i nā kūlana ikehu kiʻekiʻe a, i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ke kaiapuni waho (mahana, uila, magnetism), neʻe kūlohelohe i nā kūlana ikehu haʻahaʻa, a hoʻolaha ʻia ka ikehu keu ma ke ʻano o nā photons. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia ʻano radiation, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana o kēlā me kēia electrons i hana kūʻokoʻa ʻia a he random. He ʻokoʻa nā kūlana photon o ka hoʻokuʻu kūlohelohe o nā electrons like ʻole. Aia ka hoʻokuʻu kūlohelohe o ka mālamalama i loko o kahi kūlana "incoherent" a he mau kuhikuhi i hoʻopuehu ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka radiation kūlohelohe nā ʻano o nā ʻātoma ponoʻī, a he ʻokoʻa nā spectra o ka radiation kūlohelohe o nā ʻātoma like ʻole. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i kēia, hoʻomanaʻo ia i ka poʻe i kahi ʻike kumu i ka physics, "Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea ka hiki ke hoʻolaha i ka wela, a loaʻa i ka mea ka hiki ke hoʻopili mau a hoʻopuka i nā nalu electromagnetic. Loaʻa i nā nalu electromagnetic i hoʻolaha ʻia e ka wela kahi hoʻolaha spectrum. Pili kēia spectrum i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā waiwai o ka mea ponoʻī a me kona mahana." No laila, ʻo ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka radiation thermal ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu kūlohelohe o nā ʻātoma.
I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻoulu ʻia, neʻe nā electrons pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe i kahi pae ikehu haʻahaʻa ma lalo o ka "hoʻoulu ʻana" a i ʻole "induction" o "photons kūpono no nā kūlana" a hoʻopuka i kahi photon o ka alapine like me ka photon incident. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka radiation stimulated, ʻo ia ka like o ke kūlana o nā photons i hana ʻia e ka radiation stimulated me nā photons incident e hana ana i ka radiation stimulated. Aia lākou i loko o kahi kūlana "coherent". Loaʻa iā lākou ka alapine like a me ke kuhikuhi like, a he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻokoʻa ʻelua ma waena o lākou. Ma kēia ʻano, lilo kekahi photon i ʻelua photons like ma o hoʻokahi hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻoulu ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano kēia ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka mālamalama, a i ʻole "hoʻonui ʻia".
I kēia manawa, e kālailai hou kākou, he aha nā kūlana e pono ai no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka radiation hoʻoulu pinepine ʻia?
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka helu o nā electrons ma nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka helu o nā electrons ma nā pae ikehu haʻahaʻa. Inā makemake ʻoe i nā ʻātoma e hana i ka radiation i hoʻoulu ʻia, makemake ʻoe e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā electrons ma nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe, no laila pono ʻoe i kahi "kumu pamu", nona ke kumu e hoʻoulu hou aku. Nui loa nā electrons pae ikehu haʻahaʻa e lele i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe, no laila e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka helu o nā electrons pae ikehu haʻahaʻa, a e hana ʻia kahi "hoʻohuli helu ʻāpana". Hiki i ka nui o nā electrons pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe ke noho no ka manawa pōkole loa. E lele ka manawa i kahi pae ikehu haʻahaʻa, no laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka radiation.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke "kumu pamu" no nā ʻātoma like ʻole. Hoʻolilo ia i nā electrons i "resonate" a ʻae i nā electrons pae haʻahaʻa ikehu e lele i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i ka poʻe heluhelu ke hoʻomaopopo ma ke ʻano maʻamau, he aha ka laser? Pehea e hana ʻia ai ka laser? ʻO ka laser ka "kukui māmā" i "hoʻonāukiuki ʻia" e nā ʻātoma o kahi mea ma lalo o ka hana a kahi "kumu pamu" kikoʻī. ʻO kēia ka laser.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-27-2024
