Laser a me kāna ʻōnaehana hana

1. Ke kumu o ka hana laser

Ua like ke ʻano o ka atomic me kahi ʻōnaehana solar liʻiliʻi, me ka nucleus atomic ma waenakonu. Ke kaʻapuni mau nei nā electrons a puni ka nucleus atomic, a ʻo ka nucleus atomic pū kekahi.

Aia ka nucleus i nā protons a me nā neutrons. Hoʻouka maikaʻi ʻia nā Protons a ʻaʻole hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā neutrons. Ua like ka heluna o na koina maikai i laweia e ka nucleus a pau me ka heluna o na koina maikai ole i laweia e na electrons holookoa, no laila, ua ku ole na atoms i ka honua o waho.

E pili ana i ka nuipaʻa o kahi ʻātoma, hoʻopaʻa ka nucleus i ka hapa nui o ka nui o ka atom, a he liʻiliʻi loa ka nuipa i noho ʻia e nā electrons a pau. I loko o ka hale atomic, noho ka nucleus i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻololi nā electrons a puni ka nucleus, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons no ka hana.

Loaʻa i nā ʻātoma "ka ikehu kūloko", aia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻo kekahi ʻo nā electrons ka wikiwiki orbit a me kekahi ikehu kinetic; ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe aia kahi mamao ma waena o nā electrons i hoʻopiʻi ʻia a me ka nucleus i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, a aia kekahi nui o ka ikehu. ʻO ka huina o ka ikehu kinetic a me ka ikehu hiki o nā electrons a pau, ʻo ia ka ikehu o ka atom holoʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ikehu kūloko o ka atom.

Holoi nā electrons a puni ka nucleus; i kekahi manawa kokoke i ka nucleus, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu o kēia mau electrons; i kekahi manawa ma kahi mamao aku mai ka nucleus, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu o kēia mau electrons; e like me ke kūlana o ka hanana, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​kānaka i ka papa electron i ʻokoʻa ""Energy Level"; Ma kekahi "Energy Level", he nui paha nā electrons e kaapuni pinepine ana, a ʻaʻohe orbit paʻa o kēlā me kēia electron, akā ʻo kēia mau electron i like ka pae o ka ikehu; Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā "Nā Kūlana Energy" mai kekahi i kekahi. ʻAe, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e like me nā pae ikehu. ʻO ka manaʻo o "ka pae ikehu" ʻaʻole wale e hoʻokaʻawale i nā electrons i nā pae e like me ka ikehu, akā hoʻokaʻawale pū i ka orbiting space of electrons i nā pae he nui. I ka pōkole, hiki i ka atom ke loaʻa i nā pae ikehu he nui, a pili nā pae ikehu like ʻole me nā ikehu like ʻole; kekahi orbit electrons ma ka "haʻahaʻa ikehu pae" a me kekahi electrons orbit ma ka "kiʻekiʻe ikehu pae".

I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻailona ʻia nā puke physics o ke kula waena i nā hiʻohiʻona o kekahi mau mana, nā lula o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā electron i kēlā me kēia papa electron, a me ka helu o nā electrons ma nā pae ikehu like ʻole.

I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana atomika, neʻe maoli nā electrons i nā papa, me kekahi mau mana ma nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe a ʻo kekahi ma nā pae ikehu haʻahaʻa; no ka mea, pili mau nā ʻātoma i ke kaiapuni o waho (ka wela, ka uila, ka magnetism), ʻaʻole paʻa nā electrons kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu a e hoʻololi koke ʻia i kahi pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kona hopena, a i ʻole e hoʻopuka i nā hopena excitation kūikawā a kumu " hoʻokuʻu kūʻokoʻa". No laila, i loko o ka ʻōnaehana atomic, i ka wā e hoʻololi ai nā electrons kiʻekiʻe i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau hōʻike: "hoʻokuʻu manawaleʻa" a "hoʻoulu ʻia".

Spontaneous pāhawewe, electrons i kiʻekiʻe-ikena moku'āina he unstable a, pili i ka waho kaiapuni (mahana, uila, magnetism), spontaneously neʻe i ka haʻahaʻa-ikaika moku'āina, a keu ka ikehu ua radiated ma ke ano o photons. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano radiation ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana o kēlā me kēia electron i hana kūʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa. ʻOkoʻa nā kūlana photon o ka hoʻokuʻu wale ʻana o nā electron like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mālamalama i loko o kahi kūlana "incoherent" a ua hoʻopuehu ʻia nā kuhikuhi. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻātoma ponoʻī i ka radiation spontaneous, a ʻokoʻa ka spectra o ka radiation spontaneous o nā mana like ʻole. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia, hoʻomanaʻo ia i ka poʻe i kahi ʻike kumu ma ka physics, "He hiki i kēlā me kēia mea ke hoʻomālamalama i ka wela, a hiki i ka mea ke hoʻomau a hoʻokuʻu i nā nalu electromagnetic. Loaʻa i nā hawewe electromagnetic i hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka wela. Keia spectrum Ua pili ka mahele i na waiwai o ka mea ponoi a me kona wela. No laila, ʻo ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pāhawewe wela ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mana.

I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, hoʻololi nā electrons kiʻekiʻe i ka pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o ka "stimulation" a i ʻole "induction" o "photons kūpono no nā kūlana" a hoʻomālamalama i kahi photon o ke alapine like me ka photon hanana. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka pāhawewe hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻano like o nā kiʻi i hana ʻia e ka radiation hoʻoulu ʻia me nā kiʻi i hana ʻia e hoʻoulu ai i ka radiation hoʻoulu ʻia. Aia lākou i kahi kūlana "kūpono". Loaʻa iā lākou ka alapine like a me ke kuhikuhi like, a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻelua. ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēlā. Ma kēia ala, lilo kekahi kiʻi kiʻi i ʻelua kiʻi like ʻole ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻoulu ʻia. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kukui, a i ʻole "hoʻonui ʻia".

I kēia manawa, e nānā hou kākou, he aha nā kūlana e pono ai i mea e loaʻa ai i ka radiation hoʻoulu pinepine ʻia?

Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka helu o nā electrons i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka helu o nā electrons i nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Inā makemake ʻoe i nā ʻātoma e hoʻoulu i ka radiation hoʻoulu ʻia, makemake ʻoe e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā electrons i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe, no laila pono ʻoe i kahi "pump source", nona ka manaʻo e hoʻoulu hou aʻe. , no laila e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu ma mua o ka helu o nā electrons haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a e hana ʻia kahi "hoʻohuli helu particle". Hiki i ka nui o nā electrons pae kiʻekiʻe ke noho no ka manawa pōkole loa. E lele ka manawa i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu, no laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia o ka radiation.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka "puna puna" no nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Hana ia i nā electrons "resonate" a hāʻawi i nā electrons haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e lele i nā pae kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i ka poʻe heluhelu ke hoʻomaopopo maoli, he aha ka laser? Pehea ka hana ʻana o ka laser? ʻO ka laser ka "radiation māmā" i "hoʻohoihoi" ʻia e nā ʻātoma o kahi mea ma lalo o ka hana a kahi "puna puna". He laser kēia.